Settling river waters: a negotiated pact or a tribunal?

Question (10 marks, ~150 words):

Negotiated inter-state water agreements are projected as a model of cooperative federalism. Critically examine their merits and limitations against the constitutional framework for river-water disputes.

Anchor in Art. 262 + ISRWD Act 1956; Entry 17 vs 56. Cite tribunal delays (Cauvery ~28 yrs), NITI CWMI water-stress data, 2019 Bill (single tribunal), Mihir Shah Committee. MoU = speed + cooperative federalism but weak enforceability/climate-proofing. Way forward: statutory backing, basin authority, live data. Balanced conclusion.