Hormuz and the price of fragile peace: India's energy security

Question (10 marks, ~150 words):

The Strait of Hormuz crisis underlines the fragility of India's energy security. Examine India's key vulnerabilities and suggest a strategy to reduce dependence on volatile chokepoints.

~20% of global oil/LNG via Hormuz; India imports ~87% crude (PPAC) → price spike hits CAD, inflation, rupee. SPR only ~9-10 days vs IEA 90. Tools: expand SPR, diversify sources (US/Russia/Africa), INSTC & Chabahar, renewables/green hydrogen/EVs, raise domestic output; Op Sankalp for shipping. Conclude: diplomacy + structural resilience.